{"id":2464,"date":"2013-05-15T05:56:53","date_gmt":"2013-05-15T05:56:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/skepticink.com\/tippling\/?p=2464"},"modified":"2013-05-15T06:05:08","modified_gmt":"2013-05-15T06:05:08","slug":"factfile-hypatia-of-alexandria","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/skepticink.com\/tippling\/2013\/05\/15\/factfile-hypatia-of-alexandria\/","title":{"rendered":"Factfile: Hypatia of Alexandria"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Due to the fact that wiki has some great starter articles, and I don&#8217;t necessarily have the time to write some of my own, but feel that there are some people who deserve greater notoriety. As a result, once in a while, I will randomly copy over an interesting <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia\">wiki article<\/a> and perhaps promote discussion on these people.<\/p>\n<p>The first subject is someone important to our network here at SIN. Hypatia of Alexandria is our figurehead and is incorporated into our logos. She is an iconic role model for secular female intellects, and for all humanity. Here is a little more about her:<\/p>\n<div id=\"bodyContent\">\n<h3 id=\"jump-to-nav\">Hypatia<\/h3>\n<div dir=\"ltr\" id=\"mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\">\n<p>As a Neoplatonist\u00a0<a title=\"Ancient philosophy\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ancient_philosophy\">philosopher<\/a>, she belonged to the mathematic tradition of the\u00a0<a title=\"Platonic Academy\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Platonic_Academy\">Academy<\/a>\u00a0of Athens, as represented by\u00a0<a title=\"Eudoxus of Cnidus\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus\">Eudoxus of Cnidus<\/a>;<sup id=\"cite_ref-8\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0she was of the intellectual school of the 3rd century thinker\u00a0<a title=\"Plotinus\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plotinus\">Plotinus<\/a>, which encouraged logic and mathematical study in place of\u00a0<a title=\"Empiricism\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Empiricism\">empirical<\/a>\u00a0enquiry and strongly encouraged law in place of nature.<sup id=\"cite_ref-socrates_2-1\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-socrates-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><b>Hypatia<\/b>\u00a0(ca. AD 350\u2013370\u20138 March 415<sup id=\"cite_ref-Colavito-Petta_1-1\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-Colavito-Petta-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>) (<small>pron.:<\/small>\u00a0<a title=\"Help:IPA for English\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA_for_English\">\/<\/a><a title=\"Help:IPA for English\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA_for_English#Key\">h<\/a><a title=\"Help:IPA for English\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA_for_English#Key\">a\u026a<\/a><a title=\"Help:IPA for English\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA_for_English#Key\">\u02c8<\/a><a title=\"Help:IPA for English\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA_for_English#Key\">p<\/a><a title=\"Help:IPA for English\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA_for_English#Key\">e\u026a<\/a><a title=\"Help:IPA for English\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA_for_English#Key\">\u0283<\/a><a title=\"Help:IPA for English\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA_for_English#Key\">\u0259<\/a><a title=\"Help:IPA for English\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA_for_English\">\/<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"Wikipedia:Pronunciation respelling key\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Pronunciation_respelling_key\"><i>hy-<b>pay<\/b>-sh\u0259<\/i><\/a>;\u00a0<a title=\"Ancient Greek\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ancient_Greek\">Ancient Greek<\/a>:\u00a0\u1f59\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1;\u00a0<i>Hypat\u00eda<\/i>) was a Greek\u00a0<a title=\"Neoplatonist\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neoplatonist\">Neoplatonist<\/a>\u00a0philosopher in\u00a0<a title=\"Roman Egypt\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman_Egypt\">Roman Egypt<\/a>\u00a0who was the first well-documented woman in\u00a0<a title=\"Mathematics\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mathematics\">mathematics<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-socrates_2-0\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-socrates-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0As head of the Platonist school at\u00a0<a title=\"Alexandria\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexandria\">Alexandria<\/a>, she also taught\u00a0<a title=\"Philosophy\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philosophy\">philosophy<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"Astronomy\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Astronomy\">astronomy<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-3\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-4\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-6\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Toohey_7-0\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-Toohey-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>According to the only contemporary source, Hypatia was murdered by a\u00a0<a title=\"Christianity\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christianity\">Christian<\/a>\u00a0mob after being accused of exacerbating a conflict between two prominent figures in Alexandria: the governor Orestes and the Bishop of Alexandria.<sup id=\"cite_ref-9\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Kathleen Wider proposes that the murder of Hypatia marked the end of\u00a0<a title=\"Classical antiquity\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classical_antiquity\">Classical antiquity<\/a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-10\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"Stephen Greenblatt\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Greenblatt\">Stephen Greenblatt<\/a>\u00a0observes that her murder &#8220;effectively marked the downfall of Alexandrian intellectual life&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-11\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0On the other hand, Maria Dzielska and Christian Wildberg note that\u00a0<a title=\"Hellenistic philosophy\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hellenistic_philosophy\">Hellenistic philosophy<\/a>\u00a0continued to flourish in the 5th and 6th centuries, and perhaps until the age of\u00a0<a title=\"Justinian\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Justinian\">Justinian<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-12\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<table id=\"toc\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div id=\"toctitle\">\n<h2>Contents<\/h2>\n<p>[<a id=\"togglelink\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#\">hide<\/a>]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#Life\">1\u00a0Life<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#Death\">2\u00a0Death<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#Events_leading_to_her_murder\">2.1\u00a0Events leading to her murder<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#Works\">3\u00a0Works<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#Legacy\">4\u00a0Legacy<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#Late_Antiquity_to_the_Age_of_Reason\">4.1\u00a0Late Antiquity to the Age of Reason<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#19th_century\">4.2\u00a019th century<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#20th_century\">4.3\u00a020th century<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#21st_century\">4.4\u00a021st century<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#Notes\">5\u00a0Notes<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#References\">6\u00a0References<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#Further_reading\">7\u00a0Further reading<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#External_links\">8\u00a0External links<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Life\u00a0[<a title=\"Edit section: Life\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Hypatia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\">edit<\/a>]<\/h2>\n<div>\n<div><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Hypatia_(Charles_William_Mitchell).jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bb\/Hypatia_%28Charles_William_Mitchell%29.jpg\/200px-Hypatia_%28Charles_William_Mitchell%29.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"328\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div><a title=\"Enlarge\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Hypatia_(Charles_William_Mitchell).jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.22wmf3\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip.png\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p>Hypatia, by\u00a0<a title=\"Charles William Mitchell\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_William_Mitchell\">Charles William Mitchell<\/a>(1885).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The\u00a0<a title=\"Mathematics\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mathematics\">mathematician<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"Philosophy\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philosophy\">philosopher<\/a>\u00a0Hypatia of Alexandria was the daughter of the mathematician\u00a0<a title=\"Theon of Alexandria\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theon_of_Alexandria\">Theon Alexandricus<\/a>\u00a0(ca. 335\u2013405).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ockham_13-0\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-Ockham-13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0She was educated at\u00a0<a title=\"Athens\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Athens\">Athens<\/a>. Around AD 400, she became head of the Platonist school at Alexandria,<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-15\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-16\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0where she imparted the knowledge of\u00a0<a title=\"Plato\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plato\">Plato<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"Aristotle\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aristotle\">Aristotle<\/a>\u00a0to any student; the pupils included pagans, Christians, and foreigners.<sup id=\"cite_ref-socrates_2-2\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-socrates-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-suda_17-0\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-suda-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-18\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The contemporary 5th-century sources do identify Hypatia of Alexandria as a practitioner and teacher of the philosophy of Plato and Plotinus, but, two hundred years later, the 7th-century Egyptian Coptic bishop\u00a0<a title=\"John of Niki\u00fb\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_of_Niki%C3%BB\">John of Niki\u00fb<\/a>\u00a0identified her as a Hellenistic\u00a0<a title=\"Hellenistic religion\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hellenistic_religion\">pagan<\/a>\u00a0and that &#8220;she was devoted at all times to<a title=\"Magic (paranormal)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magic_(paranormal)\">magic<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Astrolabes\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Astrolabes\">astrolabes<\/a>\u00a0and instruments of music, and she beguiled many people through her\u00a0<a title=\"Satan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satan\">Satanic<\/a>\u00a0wiles&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-johnofnikiu_19-0\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-johnofnikiu-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-20\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Not all Christians were as hostile towards her as John of Nikiu or the monks who killed her: some Christians even used Hypatia as symbolic of\u00a0<a title=\"Virtue\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virtue\">Virtue<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-socrates_2-3\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-socrates-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0<a title=\"Byzantium\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Byzantium\">Byzantine<\/a>\u00a0<i><a title=\"Suda\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suda\">Suda<\/a><\/i>\u00a0encyclopaedia reported that Hypatia was &#8220;the wife of Isidore the Philosopher&#8221; (apparently\u00a0<a title=\"Isidore of Alexandria\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isidore_of_Alexandria\">Isidore of Alexandria<\/a>);<sup id=\"cite_ref-suda_17-1\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-suda-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0however, Isidore of Alexandria was not born until long after Hypatia&#8217;s death, and no other philosopher of that name contemporary with Hypatia is known.<sup id=\"cite_ref-21\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The\u00a0<i>Suda<\/i>\u00a0also stated that &#8220;she remained a\u00a0<a title=\"Virgin\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virgin#Greece_and_Rome\">virgin<\/a>&#8221; and that she rejected a suitor with her menstrual rags, saying that they demonstrated &#8220;nothing beautiful&#8221; about carnal desire, an example of a Christian source using Hypatia as a symbol of Virtue.<sup id=\"cite_ref-suda_17-2\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-suda-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-22\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-23\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Hypatia corresponded with former pupil\u00a0<a title=\"Synesius\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Synesius\">Synesius of Cyrene<\/a>, who was tutored by her in the philosophical school of\u00a0<a title=\"Platonism\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Platonism\">Platonism<\/a>\u00a0and later became bishop of<a title=\"Ptolemais (Cyrenaica)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ptolemais_(Cyrenaica)\">Ptolemais<\/a>\u00a0in AD 410, an exponent of the Christian\u00a0<a title=\"Holy Trinity\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holy_Trinity\">Holy Trinity<\/a>\u00a0doctrine.<sup id=\"cite_ref-24\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Together with the references by the pagan philosopher\u00a0<a title=\"Damascius\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Damascius\">Damascius<\/a>, these are the extant records left by Hypatia&#8217;s pupils at the Platonist school of Alexandria.<sup id=\"cite_ref-25\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The contemporary Christian historiographer\u00a0<a title=\"Socrates Scholasticus\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Socrates_Scholasticus\">Socrates Scholasticus<\/a>\u00a0described her in\u00a0<i>Ecclesiastical History<\/i>:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"20\">\u201c<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">There was a woman at Alexandria named Hypatia, daughter of the philosopher Theon, who made such attainments in literature and science, as to far surpass all the philosophers of her own time. Having succeeded to the school of Plato and Plotinus, she explained the principles of philosophy to her auditors, many of whom came from a distance to receive her instructions. On account of the self-possession and ease of manner which she had acquired in consequence of the cultivation of her mind, she not infrequently appeared in public in the presence of the magistrates. Neither did she feel abashed in going to an assembly of men. For all men on account of her extraordinary dignity and virtue admired her the more.<sup id=\"cite_ref-socrates_2-4\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-socrates-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" width=\"20\">\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\"><cite>\u2014<a title=\"Socrates Scholasticus\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Socrates_Scholasticus\">Socrates Scholasticus<\/a>, Ecclesiastical History<\/cite><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Death\u00a0[<a title=\"Edit section: Death\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Hypatia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\">edit<\/a>]<\/h2>\n<h3>Events leading to her murder\u00a0[<a title=\"Edit section: Events leading to her murder\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Hypatia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\">edit<\/a>]<\/h3>\n<p>Two widely cited, but divergent texts describe the feud between\u00a0<a title=\"Orestes (prefect)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orestes_(prefect)\">Orestes<\/a>, the prefect (or Governor) of Alexandria and\u00a0<a title=\"Cyril of Alexandria\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyril_of_Alexandria\">Cyril<\/a>, the\u00a0<a title=\"Patriarch of Alexandria\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patriarch_of_Alexandria\">Bishop of Alexandria<\/a>. The feud and the city-wide anger it provoked ultimately brought about the death of Hypatia.<\/p>\n<p>One source, the\u00a0<i>Historia Ecclesiastica<\/i>\u00a0(or &#8220;Ecclesiastical History&#8221;) was written by\u00a0<a title=\"Socrates Scholasticus\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Socrates_Scholasticus\">Socrates Scholasticus<\/a>\u00a0(who was himself a Christian), some time shortly after Hypatia&#8217;s death in AD 415. Scholasticus gives a more complete, less biased account of the feud between Orestes and Cyril, and the role Hypatia played in the feud that resulted in her death.<\/p>\n<p>The other source,\u00a0<i>The Chronicle<\/i>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-26\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0written by\u00a0<a title=\"John of Nikiu\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_of_Nikiu\">John of Nikiu<\/a>\u00a0in Egypt, around 650 AD, demonizes Hypatia and Orestes directly, while validating all Christians involved in the events Nikiu describes.\u00a0<i>The Chronicle<\/i>, in being more biased on the matter of the historical feud, omits several points of the narrative that are detailed in Scholasticus\u2019s account.<\/p>\n<p><i><b>Ecclesiastical History<\/b><\/i>,\u00a0<b>Socrates Scholasticus<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-27\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Orestes, the governor of Alexandria, and Cyril, the Bishop of Alexandria, found themselves in a bitter feud in which Hypatia would come to be one of the main points of contention. The feud, which took place in 415 AD, began over the matter of Jewish dancing exhibitions in Alexandria. Since these exhibitions attracted large crowds and were commonly prone to civil disorder of varying degrees, Orestes published an\u00a0<a title=\"Edict\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edict\">edict<\/a>\u00a0which outlined new regulations for such gatherings and posted it in the city&#8217;s theater. Soon after, crowds gathered to read the edict, angry over the new regulations that had been imposed upon them. At one such gathering,\u00a0<a title=\"Hierax (Ascetic)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hierax_(Ascetic)\">Hierax<\/a>, a Christian and devout follower of Cyril, read the edict and applauded the new regulations, which many people felt was an attempt to incite the crowd into\u00a0<a title=\"Sedition\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sedition\">sedition<\/a>. In what Scholasticus suspected as Orestes&#8217; &#8220;\u2026jealousy [of] the growing power of the bishops\u2026[which] encroached on the jurisdiction of the authorities\u2026&#8221;, Orestes immediately ordered Hierax to be seized and publicly tortured in the theater.<\/p>\n<p>Upon hearing of this, Cyril threatened the Jews of Alexandria with &#8220;the utmost severities&#8221; if harassment of Christians was not ceased at once. In response, the Jews of Alexandria grew only more furious over Cyril&#8217;s threat, and in their anger they eventually resorted to violence against the Christians. They plotted to flush the Christians out at night by running through the streets, claiming that the Church of Alexander was on fire. When the Christians responded to what they were led to believe was the burning down of their church, &#8220;the Jews immediately fell upon and slew them&#8221;, using rings to recognize one another in the dark, while killing everyone else in sight. When the morning came, the Jews of Alexandria could not hide their guilt, and Cyril, along with many of his followers, took to the city\u2019s synagogues in search of the perpetrators of the night&#8217;s massacre.<\/p>\n<p>After Cyril found all of the Jews in Alexandria, he ordered them to be stripped of all their possessions, banished them from Alexandria, and allowed the remaining citizens to pillage the goods they left behind. With Cyril&#8217;s banishment of the Jews, &#8220;Orestes [&#8230;] was filled with great indignation at these transactions, and was excessively grieved that a city of such magnitude should have been suddenly bereft of so large a portion of its population\u2026&#8221;. Because of this, the feud between Cyril and Orestes only grew stronger, and both men wrote to the emperor regarding the situation. Eventually, Cyril attempted to reach out to Orestes through several peace overtures, including attempted mediation and, when that failed, showed him the\u00a0<a title=\"Gospels\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gospels\">Gospels<\/a>. Nevertheless, Orestes remained unmoved by such gestures.<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, approximately 500 monks, who resided in the\u00a0<a title=\"Nitria (monastic site)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitria_(monastic_site)\">mountains of Nitria<\/a>, and were &#8220;of a very fiery disposition&#8221;, heard of the ongoing feud between the Governor and Bishop, and shortly thereafter descended into Alexandria, armed and prepared to fight alongside Cyril. Upon their arrival in Alexandria, the monks quickly intercepted Orestes&#8217; chariot in town and proceeded to bombard and harass him, calling him a pagan idolater. In response to such allegations, Orestes countered that he was actually a Christian, and had even been baptized by\u00a0<a title=\"Archbishop Atticus of Constantinople\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Archbishop_Atticus_of_Constantinople\">Atticus<\/a>, the Bishop of\u00a0<a title=\"Constantinople\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constantinople\">Constantinople<\/a>. The monks paid little attention to Orestes\u2019 claims of Christianity, and one of the monks, by the name of\u00a0<a title=\"Ammonius (monk)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ammonius_(monk)\">Ammonius<\/a>, struck Orestes in the head with a rock, which caused him to bleed profusely. At this point, Orestes\u2019 guards fled for fear of their lives, but a nearby crowd of Alexandrians came to his aid, and Ammonius was subsequently secured and ordered to be tortured for his actions. Upon excessive torture, Ammonius died. Following the death of Ammonius, Cyril ordered that he henceforth be remembered as a\u00a0<a title=\"Martyr\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Martyr\">martyr<\/a>. Such a proclamation did not sit well with &#8220;sober-minded&#8221; Christians, as Scholasticus pointed out, seeing that he &#8220;suffered the punishment due to his rashness\u2026[not because] he would not deny\u00a0<a title=\"Christ\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christ\">Christ<\/a>&#8220;, and this fact, according to Scholasticus, became more apparent to Cyril through general lack of enthusiasm for Ammonius&#8217;s case for martyrdom.<\/p>\n<p>Scholasticus then introduces Hypatia, the female philosopher of Alexandria and woman who would become a target of the Christian anger that grew over the feud. Daughter of\u00a0<a title=\"Theon of Alexandria\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theon_of_Alexandria\">Theon<\/a>, and a teacher trained in the philosophical schools of\u00a0<a title=\"Plato\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plato\">Plato<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"Plotinus\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plotinus\">Plotinus<\/a>, she was admired by most men for her dignity and virtue. Of the anger she provoked among Christians, Scholasticus writes, Hypatia ultimately fell &#8220;victim to the political jealousy which at the time prevailed&#8221; &#8211; Orestes was known to seek her counsel, and a rumor spread among the Christian community of Alexandria in which she was blamed for his unwillingness to reconcile with Cyril. Therefore, a mob of Christians gathered, led by a\u00a0<a title=\"Reader (liturgy)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reader_(liturgy)\">reader<\/a>\u00a0(i.e. a minor cleric) named Peter whom Scholasticus calls a fanatic. They kidnapped Hypatia on her way home and took her to the &#8220;Church called\u00a0<a title=\"Caesareum\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caesareum\">Caesareum<\/a>. They then completely stripped her, and then murdered her with tiles&#8221;. Socrates Scholasticus was hence interpreted as saying that, while she was still alive, Hypatia&#8217;s flesh was torn off using oyster shells (tiles; the Greek word is\u00a0<i>ostrakois<\/i>, which literally means &#8220;oystershells&#8221; but the word was also used for brick tiles on the roofs of houses and for pottery sherds). Afterward, the men proceeded to mutilate her, and finally burn her limbs. When news broke of Hypatia&#8217;s murder, it provoked great public denouncement, not only against Cyril, but against the whole Alexandrian Christian community. Scholasticus closes with a lament: &#8220;Surely nothing can be farther from the spirit of Christianity than the allowance of massacres, fights, and transactions of that sort&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>Chronicle<\/i>, John of Nikiu<\/b><sup id=\"cite_ref-28\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Bishop John of Nikiu, who lived several hundred years after the events he describes, writes bitterly of Hypatia, claiming that &#8220;she beguiled many people through (her) Satanic wiles&#8221;. Orestes, who Nikiu writes, was himself a victim of Hypatia&#8217;s demonic charm, regularly honored her, and took to abandoning the Christian Church in order to follow her teachings more closely. Moreover, Orestes himself persuaded others to leave the Church in favor of Hypatia&#8217;s philosophical teachings, and went as far as to host such &#8220;unbelievers&#8221; at his house.<\/p>\n<p>One day, Orestes published an edict &#8220;regarding public exhibitions in the city of Alexandria&#8221;, and all citizens gathered to read Orestes&#8217;s edict. Cyril, curious to see why the edict caused such an uproar, sent Hierax, a &#8220;Christian possessing understanding and intelligence&#8221;, who although opposed to paganism, did as Cyril asked and went to learn the nature of Orestes&#8217;s edict. Meanwhile, the Jews who gathered in anger over the edict, believed that Hierax had only come for the sake of provocation (which, according to Scholasticus&#8217;s text, was Hierax&#8217;s intent). Upon this assumption, Orestes had Hierax punished for a crime for which &#8220;he was wholly guiltless&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>For the punishment and torture of Hierax, as well as the death of several monks, including Ammonius, Cyril grew increasingly furious with Orestes. (Here, Nikiu blatantly ignores the assault on Orestes by the 500 monks, of which Ammonius played an active role in bringing about his torture and death.) Cyril then warned the Jews against any further harm upon the Christians. However, with the support of Orestes (which was in no way implied by Scholasticus), the Jews felt confident in defying Cyril&#8217;s authority, and so one night ran through the streets proclaiming: &#8220;The church of the apostolic Athanasius (Alexander) is on fire: come to its succour, all ye Christians&#8221;. The Christians responded to the claims only to be slaughtered by the Jews in a coordinated ambush.<\/p>\n<p>The next morning, all remaining Christians of the town came to Cyril with news of the massacre, after which Cyril marched with them to purge the Jews from Alexandria. In so doing, Cyril allowed the pillaging of their possessions, and soon after purified all the synagogues in the city and made them into Churches (Scholasticus makes no mention of &#8220;purifying&#8221; the Synagogues). In the expulsion of the Jews, Orestes was unable to offer them any assistance.<\/p>\n<p>Shortly thereafter, a group of Christians, under Peter the magistrate, went looking for Hypatia, the &#8220;pagan woman who had beguiled the people of the city and the prefect through her enchantments&#8221;. They found her sitting in a chair, at which point they seized and brought her to &#8220;the great church, named Caesarion&#8221;, where they proceeded to rip the clothes off of her body. Following this, they took to dragging her through the streets of Alexandria until she died. Once she had died, they burned her remains. Nikiu&#8217;s description of Hypatia&#8217;s death also differs from Scholasticus&#8217;s interpretation. Following the death of Hypatia, Bishop Cyril was named &#8220;the new Theophilus&#8221;. With the death of Hypatia, Nikiu writes, the Christians had expelled the last remnant of pagan idolatry.<\/p>\n<table cellspacing=\"5\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th><a title=\"Socrates Scholasticus\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Socrates_Scholasticus\">Socrates Scholasticus<\/a>\u00a0(born after 380 AD, died after 439 AD))<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><a title=\"John of Niki\u00fb\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_of_Niki%C3%BB\">John of Niki\u00fb<\/a>\u00a0(7th century)<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">Yet even she fell a victim to the political jealousy which at that time prevailed. For as she had frequent interviews with Orestes, it was calumniously reported among the Christian populace that it was she who prevented Orestes from being reconciled to the bishop. Some of them, therefore, hurried away by a fierce and bigoted zeal, whose ringleader was a reader named Peter, waylaid her returning home and, dragging her from her carriage, they took her to the church called Caesareum, where they completely stripped her, and then murdered her with tiles. After tearing her body in pieces, they took her mangled limbs to a place called Cinaron, and there burnt them.<sup id=\"cite_ref-29\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">And, in those days, there appeared in Alexandria a female philosopher, a pagan named Hypatia, and she was devoted at all times to magic,\u00a0<a title=\"Astrolabe\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Astrolabe\">astrolabes<\/a>, and instruments of music, and she beguiled many people through Satanic wiles . . . A multitude of believers in God arose under the guidance of Peter the Magistrate . . . and they proceeded to seek for the pagan woman who had beguiled the people of the city and the Prefect through her enchantments. And when they learnt the place where she was, they proceeded to her and found her . . . they dragged her along till they brought her to the great church, named Caesareum. Now this was in the days of the fast. And they tore off her clothing and dragged her . . . through the streets of the city till she died. And they carried her to a place named Cinaron, and they burned her body with fire.<sup id=\"cite_ref-johnofnikiu_19-1\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-johnofnikiu-19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Works\u00a0[<a title=\"Edit section: Works\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Hypatia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\">edit<\/a>]<\/h2>\n<div>\n<div><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Hypatia,_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/aa\/Hypatia%2C_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg\/200px-Hypatia%2C_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"271\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div><a title=\"Enlarge\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Hypatia,_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.22wmf3\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip.png\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p><a title=\"Julia Margaret Cameron\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julia_Margaret_Cameron\">Cameron<\/a>&#8216;s 1867 photograph\u00a0<i>Hypatia<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Hypatia_(1900_Play.PNG\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/19\/Hypatia_%281900_Play.PNG\/200px-Hypatia_%281900_Play.PNG\" width=\"200\" height=\"275\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div><a title=\"Enlarge\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Hypatia_(1900_Play.PNG\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.22wmf3\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip.png\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p>An actress, possibly\u00a0<a title=\"Mary Anderson (stage actress)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mary_Anderson_(stage_actress)\">Mary Anderson<\/a>, in the title role of the play\u00a0<i>Hypatia<\/i>, circa 1900.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>No written work, widely recognized by scholars as Hypatia&#8217;s own, has survived to the present time. Many of the works commonly attributed to her are believed to have been collaborative works with her father, Theon Alexandricus, this kind of authorial uncertainty being typical for female philosophers in Antiquity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-30\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>A partial list of Hypatia&#8217;s works as mentioned by other antique and medieval authors or as posited by modern authors:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A commentary on the 13-volume\u00a0<i><a title=\"Arithmetica\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arithmetica\">Arithmetica<\/a><\/i>\u00a0by\u00a0<a title=\"Diophantus\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diophantus\">Diophantus<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-suda_17-3\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-suda-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>A commentary on the\u00a0<i>Conics<\/i>\u00a0of\u00a0<a title=\"Apollonius of Perga\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollonius_of_Perga\">Apollonius<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-suda_17-4\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-suda-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Edited the existing version of\u00a0<a title=\"Ptolemy\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ptolemy\">Ptolemy<\/a>&#8216;s\u00a0<i><a title=\"Almagest\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Almagest\">Almagest<\/a><\/i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-31\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Edited her father&#8217;s commentary on\u00a0<a title=\"Euclid\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euclid\">Euclid<\/a>&#8216;s\u00a0<i><a title=\"Euclid's Elements\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euclid%27s_Elements\">Elements<\/a><\/i><sup id=\"cite_ref-Grout_32-0\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-Grout-32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>She wrote a text &#8220;<i>The Astronomical Canon<\/i>&#8220;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-suda_17-5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-suda-17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0(Either a new edition of Ptolemy&#8217;s\u00a0<i>Handy Tables<\/i>\u00a0or the aforementioned\u00a0<i>Almagest<\/i>.)<sup id=\"cite_ref-33\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-33\">[33]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-34\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-34\">[34]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Her contributions to science are reputed to include the charting of celestial bodies<sup id=\"cite_ref-Toohey_7-1\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-Toohey-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0and the invention of the\u00a0<a title=\"Hydrometer\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydrometer\">hydrometer<\/a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-35\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-35\">[35]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0used to determine the\u00a0<a title=\"Relative density\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Relative_density\">relative density<\/a>\u00a0(or\u00a0<a title=\"Specific gravity\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Specific_gravity\">specific gravity<\/a>) of liquids. However, the hydrometer was invented before Hypatia, and already known in her time.<sup id=\"cite_ref-36\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-36\">[36]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-37\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-37\">[37]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Her student\u00a0<a title=\"Synesius\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Synesius\">Synesius<\/a>, bishop of Cyrene, wrote a letter describing his construction of an\u00a0<a title=\"Astrolabe\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Astrolabe\">astrolabe<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-38\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-38\">[38]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Earlier astrolabes predate that of Synesius by at least a century,<sup id=\"cite_ref-39\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-39\">[39]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-40\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-40\">[40]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0and Hypatia&#8217;s father had gained fame for his treatise on the subject.<sup id=\"cite_ref-trincoll_41-0\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-trincoll-41\">[41]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0However, Synesius claimed that his was an improved model.<sup id=\"cite_ref-42\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-42\">[42]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Synesius also sent Hypatia a letter describing a hydrometer, and requesting her to have one constructed for him.<sup id=\"cite_ref-43\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-43\">[43]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2>Legacy\u00a0[<a title=\"Edit section: Legacy\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Hypatia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\">edit<\/a>]<\/h2>\n<h3>Late Antiquity to the Age of Reason\u00a0[<a title=\"Edit section: Late Antiquity to the Age of Reason\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Hypatia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6\">edit<\/a>]<\/h3>\n<p>Shortly after her murder, there appeared under Hypatia&#8217;s name a\u00a0<a title=\"Forgery\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forgery\">forged<\/a>\u00a0anti-Christian letter.<sup id=\"cite_ref-44\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-44\">[44]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The Neoplatonist historian\u00a0<a title=\"Damascius\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Damascius\">Damascius<\/a>\u00a0(ca. AD 458\u2013538) was &#8220;anxious to exploit the scandal of Hypatia&#8217;s death&#8221;, and attributed responsibility for her murder to Bishop Cyril and his Christian followers; that historical account is contained in the\u00a0<i>Suda<\/i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Whitfield_45-0\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-Whitfield-45\">[45]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Damascius&#8217;s account of the Christian murder of Hypatia is the sole historical source attributing responsibility to Bishop Cyril.<sup id=\"cite_ref-46\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-46\">[46]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Maria Dzielska proposes that the bishop&#8217;s body guards might have murdered Hypatia.<sup id=\"cite_ref-47\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-47\">[47]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The intellectual\u00a0<a title=\"Eudokia Makrembolitissa\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa\">Eudokia Makrembolitissa<\/a>\u00a0(1021\u20131096), the second wife of Byzantine Emperor\u00a0<a title=\"Constantine X Doukas\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constantine_X_Doukas\">Constantine X Doukas<\/a>, was described by the historian<a title=\"Nicephorus Gregoras\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicephorus_Gregoras\">Nicephorus Gregoras<\/a>\u00a0as a &#8220;second Hypatia&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-48\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-48\">[48]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Centuries later, the early 18th-century\u00a0<a title=\"Deist\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deist\">deist<\/a>\u00a0scholar\u00a0<a title=\"John Toland (philosopher)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Toland_(philosopher)\">John Toland<\/a>\u00a0used the murder of Hypatia as the basis for the\u00a0<a title=\"Anti-Catholic\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-Catholic\">anti-Catholic<\/a>\u00a0tract\u00a0<i>Hypatia: Or the History of a most beautiful, most vertuous, most learned, and every way accomplish\u2019d Lady; who was torn to pieces by the Clergy of Alexandria, to gratify the pride, emulation, and cruelty of their Archbishop, commonly, but undeservedly, stil&#8217;d St. Cyril<\/i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-49\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-49\">[49]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>In turn, the Christians defended themselves from Toland with\u00a0<i>The History of Hypatia, a most Impudent School-Mistress of Alexandria: Murder&#8217;d and torn to Pieces by the Populace, in Defence of Saint Cyril and the Alexandrian Clergy from the Aspersions of Mr. Toland<\/i>, by\u00a0<a title=\"Thomas Lewis\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Lewis\">Thomas Lewis<\/a><sup>[<i><a href=\"http:\/\/toolserver.org\/~dispenser\/cgi-bin\/dab_solver.py?page=Hypatia&amp;editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed\/editintro&amp;client=Template:Dn\" rel=\"nofollow\">disambiguation needed<\/a><\/i>]<\/sup>, in 1721.<sup id=\"cite_ref-50\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-50\">[50]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3>19th century\u00a0[<a title=\"Edit section: 19th century\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Hypatia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7\">edit<\/a>]<\/h3>\n<p>In the 19th century, interest in the &#8220;literary legend of Hypatia&#8221; began to rise.<sup id=\"cite_ref-51\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-51\">[51]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<a title=\"Diodata Saluzzo Roero\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diodata_Saluzzo_Roero\">Diodata Saluzzo Roero<\/a>&#8216;s 1827\u00a0<i>Ipazia ovvero delle Filosofie<\/i>\u00a0suggested that Cyril had actually converted Hypatia to Christianity, and that she had been killed by a &#8220;treacherous&#8221; priest.<\/p>\n<p>In 1843, German authors Soldan and Heppe argued in their highly influential\u00a0<i>History of the Witchcraft Trials<\/i>\u00a0that Hypatia may have been, in effect, the first famous &#8220;<a title=\"Witchcraft\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Witchcraft\">witch<\/a>&#8221; punished under Christian authority (see\u00a0<a title=\"Witch-hunt\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Witch-hunt\">Witch-hunt<\/a>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-52\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-52\">[52]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>In his 1847\u00a0<i><a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Hypatie_%28Po%C3%A8mes_antiques%29\">Hypatie<\/a><\/i>\u00a0and 1857\u00a0<i><a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Hypathie_et_Cyrille\">Hypatie et Cyrille<\/a><\/i>, French poet\u00a0<a title=\"Charles-Marie-Ren\u00e9 Leconte de Lisle\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles-Marie-Ren%C3%A9_Leconte_de_Lisle\">Charles-Marie-Ren\u00e9 Leconte de Lisle<\/a>\u00a0portrayed Hypatia as the epitome of &#8220;vulnerable truth and beauty&#8221;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-53\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-53\">[53]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Charles Kingsley\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Kingsley\">Charles Kingsley<\/a>&#8216;s 1853 novel\u00a0<i><a title=\"Hypatia (novel)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia_(novel)\">Hypatia \u2013 or New Foes with an Old Face<\/a><\/i>, which portrayed the scholar as a &#8220;helpless, pretentious, and erotic heroine&#8221;,<sup id=\"cite_ref-54\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-54\">[54]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0recounted her conversion by a Jewish-Christian named Raphael Aben-Ezra after supposedly becoming disillusioned with Orestes.<\/p>\n<p>In 1867, the\u00a0<a title=\"History of photography\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_photography\">early photographer<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"Julia Margaret Cameron\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julia_Margaret_Cameron\">Julia Margaret Cameron<\/a>\u00a0created a portrait of the scholar as a young woman.<sup id=\"cite_ref-55\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-55\">[55]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div>\n<div><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Hypatia_at_the_Haymarket_theatre_-_The_Graphic_-_21_January_1893.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ef\/Hypatia_at_the_Haymarket_theatre_-_The_Graphic_-_21_January_1893.jpg\/220px-Hypatia_at_the_Haymarket_theatre_-_The_Graphic_-_21_January_1893.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"294\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div><a title=\"Enlarge\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Hypatia_at_the_Haymarket_theatre_-_The_Graphic_-_21_January_1893.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.22wmf3\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip.png\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p>&#8220;Hypatia&#8221;, at the Haymarket Theatre, January 1893<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>On 2 January 1893, a stage play &#8220;Hypatia&#8221;, written by G. Stuart Ogilvie, opened at the\u00a0<a title=\"Haymarket Theatre\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haymarket_Theatre\">Haymarket Theatre<\/a>\u00a0in London. It was based on the novel by Charles Kingsley, and was produced by\u00a0<a title=\"Herbert Beerbohm Tree\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herbert_Beerbohm_Tree\">Herbert Beerbohm Tree<\/a>. The title role was initially played by\u00a0<a title=\"Julia Neilson\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julia_Neilson\">Julia Neilson<\/a>, and it featured an elaborate musical score written by the composer\u00a0<a title=\"Hubert Parry\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hubert_Parry\">Hubert Parry<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-56\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-56\">[56]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-57\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-57\">[57]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h3>20th century\u00a0[<a title=\"Edit section: 20th century\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Hypatia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8\">edit<\/a>]<\/h3>\n<p>Some authors mention her in passing, such as\u00a0<a title=\"Marcel Proust\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marcel_Proust\">Marcel Proust<\/a>, who dropped her name in the last sentence of &#8220;Madame Swann at Home,&#8221; the first section of\u00a0<i><a title=\"Within a Budding Grove\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Within_a_Budding_Grove\">Within a Budding Grove<\/a><\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Some characters are named after her, such as Hypatia Cade, a precocious child and main character in the\u00a0<a title=\"Science fiction\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Science_fiction\">science fiction<\/a>\u00a0novel\u00a0<i>The Ship Who Searched<\/i>\u00a0by\u00a0<a title=\"Mercedes Lackey\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mercedes_Lackey\">Mercedes Lackey<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"Anne McCaffrey\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anne_McCaffrey\">Anne McCaffrey<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Rinne Groff\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rinne_Groff\">Rinne Groff<\/a>&#8216;s 2000 play\u00a0<i>The Five Hysterical Girls Theorem<\/i>\u00a0features a character named Hypatia who lives silently, in fear that she will suffer the fate of her namesake.<\/p>\n<p>Hypatia is the name of a &#8216;shipmind&#8217; (ship computer) in\u00a0<i>The Boy Who Would Live Forever<\/i>, a novel in\u00a0<a title=\"Frederik Pohl\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frederik_Pohl\">Frederik Pohl<\/a>&#8216;s\u00a0<a title=\"Heechee\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heechee\">Heechee<\/a>\u00a0series.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Umberto Eco\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Umberto_Eco\">Umberto Eco<\/a>&#8216;s novel\u00a0<i><a title=\"Baudolino\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baudolino\">Baudolino<\/a><\/i>\u00a0sees the protagonist meet a secluded society of\u00a0<a title=\"Satyr\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satyr\">satyr<\/a>-like creatures who all take their name and philosophy from Hypatia.<\/p>\n<p>A fictional version of the historic character appears in several works and indeed series, such as<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The\u00a0<i><a title=\"Heirs of Alexandria series\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heirs_of_Alexandria_series\">Heirs of Alexandria series<\/a><\/i>\u00a0written by\u00a0<a title=\"Mercedes Lackey\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mercedes_Lackey\">Mercedes Lackey<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Eric Flint\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eric_Flint\">Eric Flint<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"Dave Freer\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dave_Freer\">Dave Freer<\/a>, is an\u00a0<a title=\"Alternate history\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alternate_history\">alternate history<\/a>\u00a0in which Hypatia was converted to Christianity by\u00a0<a title=\"John Chrysostom\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Chrysostom\">John Chrysostom<\/a>, which saved her life and enabled her to stop the mob from destroying the\u00a0<a title=\"Library of Alexandria\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Library_of_Alexandria\">Library of Alexandria<\/a>; the books, taking place in the world of 1530 resulting from the above, include copies from the alternate Hypatia&#8217;s influential correspondence with John and\u00a0<a title=\"Augustine of Hippo\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Augustine_of_Hippo\">St. Augustine<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>The\u00a0<a title=\"Corto Maltese\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corto_Maltese\">Corto Maltese<\/a>\u00a0adventure\u00a0<i>Fable of Venice<\/i>, by characteristic superposition of anachronistic elements, sees Hypatia preside over an intellectual salon in\u00a0<a title=\"Kingdom of Italy (1861\u20131946)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)#Rise_of_Fascism_into_power\">pre-Fascist Italy<\/a>;<\/li>\n<li>As a recurring character in\u00a0<a title=\"Mark London Williams\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_London_Williams\">Mark London Williams<\/a>&#8216; juvenile fiction\u00a0<i><a title=\"Danger Boy\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Danger_Boy\">Danger Boy<\/a><\/i>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>She also appears, briefly, as one of the kidnapped scientists and philosophers in the\u00a0<a title=\"Doctor Who\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doctor_Who\">Doctor Who<\/a>\u00a0episode\u00a0<a title=\"Time and the Rani\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time_and_the_Rani\">Time and the Rani<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>American astronomer\u00a0<a title=\"Carl Sagan\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_Sagan\">Carl Sagan<\/a>, in\u00a0<i><a title=\"Cosmos: A Personal Voyage\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmos:_A_Personal_Voyage\">Cosmos: A Personal Voyage<\/a><\/i>, gave a detailed speculative description of Hypatia&#8217;s death, linking it with the destruction of the\u00a0<a title=\"Library of Alexandria\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Library_of_Alexandria\">Library of Alexandria<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>A more scholarly historical study of her,\u00a0<i>Hypatia of Alexandria<\/i>\u00a0by Maria Dzielska (translated into English by F. Lyra, published by\u00a0<a title=\"Harvard University Press\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harvard_University_Press\">Harvard University Press<\/a>), was named by\u00a0<i><a title=\"Choice Magazine\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Choice_Magazine\">Choice Magazine<\/a><\/i>\u00a0as an &#8220;Outstanding Academic Book of 1995, Philosophy Category&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>She has been claimed by\u00a0<a title=\"Second wave feminism\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_wave_feminism\">second wave feminism<\/a>, most prominently as\u00a0<i><a title=\"Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia:_A_Journal_of_Feminist_Philosophy\">Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy<\/a><\/i>, published since 1986 by\u00a0<a title=\"Indiana University Press\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indiana_University_Press\">Indiana University Press<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Judy Chicago\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judy_Chicago\">Judy Chicago<\/a>&#8216;s large-scale\u00a0<i><a title=\"The Dinner Party\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Dinner_Party\">The Dinner Party<\/a><\/i>\u00a0awards her a place-setting, and other artistic works draw on or are based on Hypatia.<sup>[<i><a title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\">citation needed<\/a><\/i>]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>A central character in\u00a0<a title=\"Iain Pears\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iain_Pears\">Iain Pears<\/a>&#8216;\u00a0<i><a title=\"The Dream of Scipio (novel)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Dream_of_Scipio_(novel)\">The Dream of Scipio<\/a><\/i>\u00a0is a woman philosopher clearly modeled on (though not identical with) Hypatia.<sup>[<i><a title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\">citation needed<\/a><\/i>]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The last two centuries have seen Hypatia&#8217;s name honored in the sciences, especially astronomy.\u00a0<a title=\"238 Hypatia\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/238_Hypatia\">238 Hypatia<\/a>, a\u00a0<a title=\"Main belt\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_belt\">main belt<\/a>\u00a0asteroid discovered in 1884, was named for her. The\u00a0<a title=\"Lunar crater\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lunar_crater\">lunar crater<\/a>\u00a0<i><a title=\"Hypatia (crater)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia_(crater)\">Hypatia<\/a><\/i>was named for her, in addition to craters named for her father Theon and for Cyril. The 180\u00a0km\u00a0<i>Rimae Hypatia<\/i>\u00a0is located north of the crater, one degree south of the equator, along the\u00a0<a title=\"Mare Tranquillitatis\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mare_Tranquillitatis\">Mare Tranquillitatis<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-58\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-58\">[58]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>By the end of the 20th century Hypatia&#8217;s name was applied to projects ranging in scope from an\u00a0<a title=\"Adobe Type\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adobe_Type\">Adobe typeface<\/a>\u00a0(Hypatia Sans Pro),<sup id=\"cite_ref-59\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-59\">[59]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0to a cooperative community house in\u00a0<a title=\"Madison, Wisconsin\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madison,_Wisconsin\">Madison, Wisconsin<\/a>.<a title=\"Hypatia (moth)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia_(moth)\">A genus of moth<\/a>\u00a0also bears her name.<\/p>\n<h3>21st century\u00a0[<a title=\"Edit section: 21st century\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Hypatia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9\">edit<\/a>]<\/h3>\n<p>Her life continues to be fictionalized by authors in many countries and languages. Two recent examples are\u00a0<i>Ipazia, scienziata alessandrina<\/i>\u00a0by Adriano Petta (translated from the Italian in 2004 as<i>Hypatia: Scientist of Alexandria<\/i>), and\u00a0<i>Hypatia y la eternidad<\/i>\u00a0(Hypatia and Eternity) by Ramon Gal\u00ed, a fanciful\u00a0<a title=\"Alternate history\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alternate_history\">alternate history<\/a>, in Spanish (2009).<sup id=\"cite_ref-60\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-60\">[60]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The 2008 novel\u00a0<i>Azaz\u012bl<\/i>, by\u00a0<a title=\"Islam in Egypt\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_Egypt\">Egyptian Muslim<\/a>\u00a0author Dr. Y\u016bsuf Zaydan, tells the story of the religious conflict of that time through the eyes of a monk, including a substantial section on Hypatia;<sup id=\"cite_ref-61\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-61\">[61]<\/a><\/sup>Zaydan&#8217;s book has been criticized by\u00a0<a title=\"Christianity in Egypt\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christianity_in_Egypt\">Christians in Egypt<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-62\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-62\">[62]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Her life is portrayed in the\u00a0<a title=\"Malayalam\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malayalam\">Malayalam<\/a>\u00a0novel\u00a0<i><a title=\"Francis Itty Cora\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Francis_Itty_Cora\">Francis Itty Cora<\/a><\/i>\u00a0(2009) by T. D Ramakrishnan.<\/p>\n<p>Examples in English include<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Remembering Hypatia: A Novel of Ancient Egypt<\/i>\u00a0by Brian Trent,;<sup id=\"cite_ref-63\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-63\">[63]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li><i>Flow Down Like Silver, Hypatia of Alexandria<\/i>\u00a0(2009) by\u00a0<a title=\"Ki Longfellow\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ki_Longfellow\">Ki Longfellow<\/a>, the second in a trilogy of the divine feminine, the first being\u00a0<i><a title=\"The Secret Magdalene\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Secret_Magdalene\">The Secret Magdalene<\/a><\/i>;<sup id=\"cite_ref-64\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-64\">[64]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li><i><a title=\"The Plot to Save Socrates\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Plot_to_Save_Socrates\">The Plot to Save Socrates<\/a><\/i>\u00a0(2006) by\u00a0<a title=\"Paul Levinson\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paul_Levinson\">Paul Levinson<\/a>\u00a0and his sequel novelette &#8220;Unburning Alexandria&#8221; (2008) &#8211; where Hypatia turns out to have been a time-traveler from 21st century America.<sup id=\"cite_ref-65\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-65\">[65]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-66\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-66\">[66]<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>More factually,\u00a0<i>Hypatia of Alexandria: Mathematician and Martyr<\/i>\u00a0(2007) is a brief (113 page) biography by Michael Deakin, with a focus on her mathematical research. Hypatia has been considered a\u00a0<a title=\"Polymath\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polymath\">universal genius<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-67\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-67\">[67]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The 2009 movie\u00a0<i><a title=\"Agora (film)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agora_(film)\">Agora<\/a><\/i>, directed by\u00a0<a title=\"Alejandro Amen\u00e1bar\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alejandro_Amen%C3%A1bar\">Alejandro Amen\u00e1bar<\/a>, focuses on Hypatia&#8217;s final years. Hypatia, portrayed by actress\u00a0<a title=\"Rachel Weisz\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rachel_Weisz\">Rachel Weisz<\/a>, is seen investigating the\u00a0<a title=\"Heliocentrism\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heliocentrism\">heliocentric model<\/a>\u00a0of the solar system proposed by\u00a0<a title=\"Aristarchus of Samos\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aristarchus_of_Samos\">Aristarchus of Samos<\/a>, and even anticipating the elliptical orbits discovered by\u00a0<a title=\"Johannes Kepler\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johannes_Kepler\">Johannes Kepler<\/a>\u00a01200 years later.<\/p>\n<p>In the 2013 play\u00a0<i>False Assumptions<\/i>\u00a0by\u00a0<a title=\"Lawrence Aronovitch\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lawrence_Aronovitch\">Lawrence Aronovitch<\/a>, Hypatia is portrayed as one of three ghosts observing the life of\u00a0<a title=\"Marie Curie\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marie_Curie\">Marie Curie<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-68\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypatia#cite_note-68\">[68]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2>Notes<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Due to the fact that wiki has some great starter articles, and I don&#8217;t necessarily have the time to write some of my own, but feel that there are some people who deserve greater notoriety. As a result, once in a while, I will randomly copy over an interesting wiki article and perhaps promote discussion on these people.<\/p>\n<p>The first subject is someone important to our network here at SIN. Hypatia of Alexandria is our figurehead and is incorporated into our logos. She is an iconic role model for secular female intellects, and for all humanity. Here is a little more about her: <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[189,212,20],"tags":[656,657,638],"class_list":["post-2464","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history","category-general-philosophy","category-science","tag-hypatia","tag-philosophy","tag-secularism"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/skepticink.com\/tippling\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2464","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/skepticink.com\/tippling\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/skepticink.com\/tippling\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skepticink.com\/tippling\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skepticink.com\/tippling\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2464"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/skepticink.com\/tippling\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2464\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/skepticink.com\/tippling\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2464"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skepticink.com\/tippling\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2464"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skepticink.com\/tippling\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2464"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}